Comparison

PhD: 4 programmes side by side

Every programme here is PhD — same subject, same level, so the columns are genuine alternatives. Compared on the awarding university and its grade, duration, tuition, delivery and language.
Programme PhD Programme in Risk an...PhD in Geological and Ea...PhD in Nuclear Engineeri...Molecular Biology
University Lund University University of Chicago Massachusetts Institute of Technology Umeå University
University grade A B+ A+
Degree level PhD PhD PhD PhD
Field / subject PhD Risk & Safety Earth Sciences Nuclear Engineering Molecular Biology
Duration 4 yrs 4 yrs
Tuition
Delivery
Language
Open View programme →View programme →View programme →View programme →

What these universities cost, and what graduates earn

University of Chicago: debt vs salary → Massachusetts Institute of Technology: debt vs salary →

How to read this table

University grade is our A–F assessment of the awarding institution, built only on published data — QS standing, admission rate, graduation rate and graduate earnings where each is available. It grades the university, not this specific programme.

Tuition is the published figure for the programme as the university states it; a blank cell means the institution has not published one, and we would rather show nothing than an estimate. Fees for international students frequently differ from the headline number, so treat it as a starting point and confirm on the programme page.

Duration assumes full-time study. Where a programme runs part-time or by distance learning, the delivery row says so — and the calendar length will be longer than the figure shown.