University of California

What you'll study

This PhD is research-led and combines advanced coursework with intensive laboratory research. Early-stage training typically includes core modules in microbial genetics and physiology, cellular and molecular immunology, host–pathogen interactions, microbial ecology and systems microbiology. Students also study complementary subjects such as bioinformatics and computational biology, advanced molecular biology techniques, experimental design and biostatistics.

Programme structure is flexible to reflect individual research goals but commonly includes laboratory rotations or short-term placements during the first year to identify a dissertation lab; formal coursework and seminars; a qualifying or candidacy examination; an original research programme culminating in a written dissertation and public defence; and opportunities to teach undergraduates or co-supervise junior students. Regular lab meetings, journal clubs and departmental seminars are integral, and there are expectations to present research at conferences and to publish in peer-reviewed journals.

• Core topics: microbial genetics, microbial physiology, innate and adaptive immunity, vaccines and immunotherapy, microbial pathogenesis.
• Technical skills: molecular cloning, next-generation sequencing approaches, flow cytometry, microscopy, animal models, microbial culture and aseptic technique.
• Interdisciplinary training: bioinformatics, systems biology, epidemiology, translational research methods and responsible conduct of research.

Entry requirements

Applicants are expected to hold a strong honours bachelor’s degree in a relevant biological science (for example biology, microbiology, biochemistry, immunology) or a relevant master’s degree. Demonstrated research experience — such as undergraduate or master’s research projects, publications or lab employment — is highly desirable. Selection typically emphasises intellectual preparation for research, letters of reference, a statement of research interests and fit with potential faculty supervisors.

Typical application materials include a CV, academic transcripts, at least three academic references, a research statement and, where applicable, evidence of English language proficiency. Some campuses or programmes may request GRE scores, whereas others do not; applicants should check the specific campus admissions webpage for any standardised test policies. International applicants should demonstrate sufficient English proficiency through accepted tests or institutional qualifications.

Career prospects

Graduates from this PhD enter a wide range of careers. Many continue in academic research as postdoctoral fellows and then faculty, leading independent laboratories in universities and research institutes. Others find roles in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries in research and development, process development, immunotherapy and vaccine design, or clinical research.

Additional career pathways include positions in public health and government laboratories, scientific publishing and communications, patenting and intellectual property, regulatory science, and science policy. Training in quantitative and computational methods also supports transitions into data science, bioinformatics and industry roles that require high-level analytical skills.

Why study at University of California

The University of California offers a research-intensive environment with broad strengths across microbial sciences, immunology and allied fields, providing access to diverse expertise and state-of-the-art facilities. Students benefit from collaborations across departments and medical centres, which support interdisciplinary projects spanning basic biology through translational and clinical research.

Doctoral trainees gain mentorship from internationally active faculty, opportunities to join large collaborative grants and centres, and access to core facilities for genomics, imaging, flow cytometry and animal research. The university system’s connections with local biotechnology and life-sciences industries also create valuable pathways for internships, translational partnerships and career transitions beyond academia.